Basilica Cistern: Book Now and Skip the Lines!

Explore the Basilica Cistern: History, Architecture, and Myths

---

1. The Site and Name

The Basilica Cistern was constructed beneath the Stoa Basilica, a large public square from which it takes its name. The basilica likely served as a cultural or administrative center during the early Byzantine period. Although the original Stoa Basilica is no longer visible above ground, the Basilica Cistern endures as a reminder of the large-scale civic infrastructure that characterized Constantinople’s urban planning.

The name “Basilica Cistern” originates from its location beneath the Stoa Basilica, a large public square in ancient Constantinople. This underground cistern, built during the reign of Emperor Justinian I in 532 AD, was designed to store water for the Great Palace and surrounding buildings. The word “Basilica” refers to the public hall or square that once stood above it, while “Cistern” reflects its function as a vast water reservoir. Over time, the structure gained fame for its grand architecture and the mysterious atmosphere created by its forest of columns.

2. What is a Cistern?

A cistern is a waterproof underground reservoir built to store water for public or private use. In ancient cities, cisterns were essential to meet water needs, especially during dry summers or military sieges. Water could be collected either from rainwater or from distant sources using aqueducts.

In Istanbul, cisterns played a critical role in sustaining the population. The Byzantine emperors, notably Justinian I, commissioned the construction of numerous monumental cisterns to supply the growing demand for water in summer. As the historian Skarlatos Byzantios notes, “These waterways were like rivers, and the cisterns were seas or lakes within the city’s seven valleys.”

During sieges, when aqueducts could be cut off by attackers, cisterns became crucial for survival. Procopius, a 6th-century historian, described these structures as reservoirs for water surplus during rainy seasons, ensuring a steady water supply during droughts or conflicts.

3.1. The Basilica Cistern’s Construction and Purpose

The Basilica Cistern lies beneath what was once the Stoa Basilica, an imperial court and meeting place. It served as a water reservoir for the Great Palace of Constantinople and other structures located between the first and second hills of the city. The cistern is thought to have been connected to Hadrian’s aqueducts, delivering water to nearby buildings, including the Hagia Sophia.

The cistern’s construction reflects Justinian’s vision to collect water efficiently. Procopius writes:

"In the imperial stoa, there was a long and wide courtyard surrounded by columns on four sides. Emperor Justinian ordered the south side to be excavated deeply and built a water reservoir where water from non-summer seasons could be stored for later use."

At 30 meters above sea level, the Basilica Cistern was strategically built to allow water to flow via gravity since ancient water systems lacked pressure pumps.

3.2. Location and Historical Background

The Basilica Cistern is located on Yerebatan Street in the Eminönü-Sultanahmet area, within the modern-day Fatih District. Known in Latin as Cisterna Basilica, it is also referred to by its Greek names: Βασιλική στοά, Βασιλέως στοά, Βασιλική κινότϱη and in Turkish as Yerebatan Sarayı or Yerebatan Sarnıcı (Müller-Wiener, 2007:283).

During the 6th century, the Basilica Cistern was surrounded by important structures, including Hagia Sophia, Hagia Irene, and the Great Palace. Other nearby landmarks included the Zeuksippos Baths and the Binbirdirek Cistern, separated by the Mese, the main street of Constantinople.

3.3. Architectural Design of the Basilica Cistern

The Basilica Cistern is an underground structure measuring 138 meters (453 ft) by 64.6 meters (212 ft), covering approximately 9,800 square meters (105,000 sq ft). Its brick walls, reinforced with waterproof mortar, support a ceiling resting on 336 marble columns arranged in 28 rows of 12 columns each. Each column rises to a height of 9 meters (30 ft), supporting the arched, brick-vaulted ceiling.

The columns reflect a mix of Ionic, Corinthian, and Doric styles, with many recycled from earlier Roman structures (spolia). Some columns feature intricate designs, such as the Hen’s Eye pattern and tear-like carvings, resembling decorations from the Triumphal Arch of Theodosius I.

3.3.1. The Construction of the Basilica Cistern: A Byzantine Marvel

The Basilica Cistern (Yerebatan Sarnıcı) is a testament to the engineering prowess of the Byzantine Empire. Built during the reign of Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century AD, it played a vital role in securing the city’s water supply for the imperial palace and surrounding areas. Its construction reflects both the ingenuity and necessity that defined Byzantine urban planning.

3.3.2. Historical Context: The Need for a Grand Cistern

The Basilica Cistern was built during a period of rapid urban expansion in Constantinople, the heart of the Byzantine Empire. Given the city’s reliance on external sources for water, constructing cisterns was essential to support its growing population.

During Justinian’s reign (527–565 AD), several large infrastructure projects were undertaken to modernize the city and ensure it could withstand sieges and water shortages. The Basilica Cistern was part of these preparations, providing a strategic water reserve for the imperial complex and the surrounding areas.

3.3.3. Construction Process and Water Distribution

Though initially started under Emperor Constantine I in the 4th century AD, the cistern was expanded and completed by Justinian I after the Nika Revolt of 532 AD. The riots allowed for the rebuilding of key infrastructure, including the Basilica Cistern.

The cistern spans 140 meters by 70 meters and can store approximately 80,000 cubic meters of water. Its 336 marble columns, each 9 meters high, are arranged in 12 rows of 28 columns and spaced 4.8 meters apart, supporting the vaulted brick ceiling.

Many of the columns were sourced from Roman and Greek structures, contributing to the visual diversity of the cistern. This use of spolia also reflects the Byzantine approach to recycling architectural elements.

The Valens Aqueduct, one of Constantinople’s largest water systems, fed the Basilica Cistern. The aqueduct transported water from the Belgrade Forest, 19 kilometers north of the city, to several important reservoirs, including the Cistern of Philoxenos (Binbirdirek Cistern) and the Basilica Cistern.

The water stored in the cistern primarily served the Great Palace of Constantinople, ensuring a reliable supply during sieges or droughts. An extensive network of pipes distributed water from the cistern to key parts of the city, safeguarding the water supply even when other sources were compromised.

The Roof of the Basilica Cistern

3.4. Architectural Features

The rectangular cistern, constructed of brick, measures 138 x 64.6 meters (Müller-Wiener, 2007:285; Eyice, 1994(g):503). It contains 28 rows of columns running east-west and 12 rows running north-south, for a total of 336 columns. The interior is divided by two stone walls in the northwest, possibly added after vaults collapsed. As a result of this modification, 41 columns are no longer visible (Müller-Wiener, 2007:285).

Some columns in the southeastern section are reinforced with concrete pillars, suggesting repairs after 1893, since these alterations are absent from Forchheimer and Strzygowski’s 1893 drawings.

The spacing between the columns varies. The first eight naves are 4.7 meters apart, while the easternmost naves are spaced 5.10 meters apart (Müller-Wiener, 2007:285). A restoration report from 1986 records column spacing between 4.82 and 5.38 meters, with walls measuring 2.5 meters thick. A later rough stone wall in the northwest measures 1.2 meters thick (Yerebatan Palace Cistern Project).

The monastery-style vaults, built without molds, are supported by bricks 33-37 cm long and 4-5 cm thick. Wooden beams were used to reinforce the structure, while the floor is paved with bricks. The plastered walls reach up to the arches, suggesting that the water level once rose to the plastered portion (Eyice, 1994(g):503).

The structural components of the cistern fall into three main categories: capitals, column bodies, and column bases. The capitals are classified into Corinthian order, semi-worked Corinthian order, and unworked forms. There are also a few singular examples of fully carved Corinthian capitals.

The column bodies are categorized into monolithic and bipartite forms, with monolithic columns further divided into three subtypes based on their finishing stages. Some unique examples, including architrave pieces, inscribed column fragments, and the “Pillar of Tears,” are also present.

The column bases follow the Attic style and are classified into four groups: pedestals, marble blocks with mouldings, Medusa heads, and miscellaneous rough marble blocks. Additionally, unworked capitals were sometimes repurposed as bases.

3.5.1. Column Capitals of the Basilica Cistern

Each of the 278 columns in the Basilica Cistern is crowned with a capital, some intricately carved in Corinthian style, while others remain either semi-worked or unworked. As described by Asgari (1995:280), the “unworked” capitals are partially processed basket capitals, while the “semi-worked” examples reflect incomplete Corinthian-style carvings.

Corinthian Capitals

Among the Corinthian capitals, 98 examples were identified, falling into two distinct types, along with three singular specimens with unique ornamentation.

Abacus Design:
The concave abacus features two mouldings, with the upper one thicker. The corners are adorned with small acanthus leaves (leather leaves or "Lederblättern") instead of helices.

Acanthus Leaf Arrangement:
The capital body displays two rows of acanthus leaves, with eight leaves per row. In the lower row, the leaves are positioned between those of the upper row. Each leaf has three serrated blades, with the central blade extending upward and the lateral blades curving toward the abacus corners.

Projections and Variations:
The projections at the center of the abacus differ among capitals. Four distinct types were documented. For example, one cap features a lattice motif on the upper moulding and faint leaf branch patterns at the abacus center.

Dimensions:
The width of the abacus measures approximately 100 cm, and the total height from the abacus to the base is also 100 cm.

Kautzsch (1936:63) suggests that the Type 1 Corinthian capitals likely date to the second half of the 5th century based on the acanthus leaf design. The similarity between these capitals and the abacus of the Markianos Column points to a production date between 475–488 AD. Given the prevalence of spolia, these capitals may have been repurposed from the Basilica Stoa.

Abacus and Calathos Design:
These capitals feature a concave abacus with a plain, undecorated projection at the center. The calathos displays two rows of acanthus leaves, arranged similarly to the Type 1 capitals. However, small leaflets appear beneath the corners of the abacus, followed by volutes with spiral tips.

Leaf Blade Design:
The acanthus leaves comprise three serrated blades. The central blade extends upward, while the lateral blades curve downward toward the abacus corners. The middle blade terminates in a feature described by Pralong (1993:137) as a "drip/collé" (en goutte/collé).

Dimensions:
The abacus width of Type 2 capitals measures approximately 110 cm, with a height from the abacus to the base of around 110 cm.

The design features of these Type 2 capitals bear similarities to a capital (inventory no. 3216) in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums, dated by Kautzsch (1936:52) to 425–450 AD. However, due to the distinct abacus shape and filled volutes, these capitals cannot be confidently dated to the mid-4th century.

Unique Corinthian Capitals

In addition to the typical capitals, the Basilica Cistern contains three unique examples of Corinthian capitals that do not fit into any defined typology.

Abacus Ornamentation:
The abacus features two mouldings. The upper moulding displays egg motifs, while the lower one shows alternating round and serrated leaves.

Mask Detail:
On the east face of the capital, a mask with an open mouth is depicted. The corresponding west face appears damaged, with the mask either broken or never carved in the first place.

3.6. Construction History

The Basilica Cistern was built during the reign of Emperor Justinian I. Sources such as Chronicon Paschale (1989:176), Malalas (1986:436), and Theophanes (1997:176) confirm that construction began between 527 and 532 CE. Some scholars believe construction commenced after the Nika Revolt of 532, when fires damaged the Basilica Stoa and the Octogon (Müller-Wiener, 2007:284).

According to Procopius (1994:34), the cistern was intended to address seasonal water shortages. During summer, the city’s water supply was insufficient, so Justinian designed the cistern to collect surplus water during the rainy seasons, ensuring a steady water supply during dry periods.

3.7. Significance of the Basilica Cistern

Chronicon Paschale (1989:619) records that the Basilica Cistern was designed to channel water from Hadrian’s Aqueduct to the Basilica of Illus, meeting the water needs of the surrounding area. Similarly, Malalas (1986:436) mentions in his Chronographia that the cistern was constructed specifically to store water transported from the aqueduct.

The Theophanes Chronographia (1997:176) highlights that Justinian I not only completed the Dagistheos Baths, originally initiated by Emperor Anastasius, but also built the Basilica Cistern to ensure the area’s water security.

3.8. Basilica Cistern in the Ottoman Period

Cistern construction halted during the late Byzantine period, and many cisterns damaged by earthquakes were either left unrestored or largely abandoned. Historical sources immediately following the conquest of Istanbul make little mention of cisterns. For example, the 1455 survey of Istanbul lists a two-story fiefdom, a large winery, and two churches within the compound of the Stoudios Monastery—later transformed into the Imrahor Mosque—but the cistern is absent from the record. In Mehmed the Conqueror’s 1472 Endowment, describing the vicinity of Hagia Sophia, there is mention of “many old hucra, adjacent, called basements, outside Hagia Sophia,” but it is unclear which cistern this refers to. However, it can be confirmed that the Yerebatan Cistern was not among them, as records from later centuries show that it was never part of a foundation’s property.

The account of the Basilica Cistern by Petrus Gyllius, a naturalist and topographer who resided in Istanbul from 1544 to 1555, provides critical details that shaped the Ottoman social memory of the cistern. According to Gyllius, the residents above the cistern were aware of its existence: they drew water from it using buckets, rowed boats inside, and illuminated the space with oil lamps to fish. Light and air entered the cistern through the wells above, and fish swam beneath the illuminated waters. Gyllius estimated the cistern’s dimensions to be 336 feet long and 182 feet wide, with a circumference of 224 Roman steps. He described its brick cover, arches, and surrounding walls and counted 336 marble columns, noting numerous wells at the top. Gyllius essentially rediscovered the cistern and accurately identified it as the “Basilica Cistern” referenced by Procopius in his historical narrative.

Despite Gyllius’ identification, the cistern was once again forgotten by Western travelers until Antoine-François Andréossy, the French ambassador, rediscovered it in 1818. With the cooperation of a Frenchman from Galata and the approval of the house’s owner near the cistern entrance, the site became a popular destination for travelers. Western travelogues often described the Basilica Cistern with a blend of mystery and excitement, emphasizing the eerie experience of exploring its underground waters.

Photo From Basilica Cistern 2

In 1581, just 25 years after Gyllius’ stay in Istanbul, a decree was issued to the kadi of Istanbul regarding complaints about water flowing from the Herseklioğlu basement in the Uskübî neighborhood near Hagia Sophia. The water had become polluted due to garbage accumulating in the neighborhood and was overflowing into a private garden. The decree ordered the construction of a new sewer beneath the pedestrian walkway to redirect the polluted waters to the Hagia Sophia cistern. By the early 18th century, the Uskübî neighborhood had evolved into Yerebatan Mahallesi, and the Herseklioğlu basement came to be known as the Yerebatan Cistern. The neighborhood’s name was derived from the Üskübî İbrahim Ağa Masjid, built in 1491. In Evliya Çelebi’s travel book, a masjid referred to as the “Ağa Masjid on the Hersek basement” appears, though the name Yerebatan is not mentioned, suggesting that the term only came into use around the early 1700s.

By the 18th century, Ottoman sources regularly referred to the structure as Yerebatan. However, the Yerebatan Palace, frequently mentioned today, was not a cistern but rather the Bıyıklı Mustafa Pasha Palace, which no longer exists. This palace, located on Çatal Çeşme Street near the current Cağaloğlu Bath, left a lasting imprint on the area. Mehmed Ziya Bey notes that the palace, located north of the Esad Efendi Library and inherited by Fatma Sultan—daughter of Ahmed III and wife of Damat İbrahim Pasha—originally belonged to Bıyıklı Mustafa Pasha, who died in 1694. Known as the Pasha Gate, the palace had perimeter walls added to its harem in 1709.

A 1740 fire destroyed the palace and its surrounding buildings. Stables were later built near the cistern entrance and along Çatal Çeşme Street to house the grand vizier’s horses. Despite these changes, references to the Basilica Cistern as “Suyabatan” never became widespread. However, in 1789, records mention a physician requesting a house in Suyabatan, where he lived in rented accommodations. While the term “Suyabatan” was not commonly used, such occasional references highlight the evolving identity of the area surrounding the Basilica Cistern over time.

4. Medusa: From Greek Myth to the Depths of the Basilica Cistern

Medusa’s demise came at the hands of the hero Perseus, who, with the aid of divine gifts, beheaded her. Using a reflective shield provided by Athena, Perseus avoided Medusa’s deadly gaze, cutting off her head and using it as a weapon. From her blood sprang Pegasus, the winged horse, and Chrysaor, a giant wielding a golden sword. Perseus later gifted Medusa’s head to Athena, who placed it on her shield, the Aegis, as a symbol of protection.

4.2. Medusa in Art and Symbolism

In ancient Greek culture, Medusa’s image evolved from that of a fearsome monster to a protective symbol. The Gorgoneion, a depiction of Medusa’s head, was frequently used to ward off evil, appearing on shields, armor, and architecture. Medusa’s face became a talisman, believed to scare away harmful spirits or enemies.

The symbolism of Medusa is complex. She embodies both victimhood and the destructive power of feminine rage. In later interpretations, she also represents beauty twisted into monstrosity by divine punishment. As a result, Medusa became a popular motif in both Greek and Roman art, symbolizing both danger and protection.

Photo From Basilica Cistern 3

4.3. Medusa in the Basilica Cistern

The myth of Medusa eventually found its way into Byzantine art and architecture. The most striking example in Istanbul is the Basilica Cistern, a massive underground water reservoir constructed during the reign of Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century AD. Deep within the cistern, two large Medusa heads serve as the bases for columns in the northwest corner.

One Medusa head is placed sideways, while the other is positioned upside down. The origin and significance of these sculptures remain a mystery. Some scholars believe they were repurposed from earlier Roman or Greek structures (a practice known as spolia) and used simply for convenience. Others suggest a deeper symbolic meaning, such as the heads being apotropaic symbols, placed to protect the water supply by warding off evil spirits.

Another intriguing theory posits that the unusual placement of the heads may have had a Christian undertone, symbolizing the triumph of Christianity over paganism by literally subverting the ancient Greek myth.

4.4. Architectural Significance of the Medusa Heads

While their exact origin is unknown, the Medusa heads in the Basilica Cistern bear a striking resemblance to a similar Medusa head found in the garden of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums. This particular Medusa was discovered in 1916 during construction in Çemberlitaş and is thought to have been part of an ancient structure. It is possible that the Medusa heads in the Basilica Cistern also originated from this area and were repurposed for use in the cistern.

4.5. Medusa’s Role in Byzantine Symbolism

The use of Medusa’s imagery in the Basilica Cistern is a powerful example of how pagan symbols were adapted into Christian Byzantine culture. Although Medusa’s origins lie in ancient Greek myth, her presence in Constantinople’s water system highlights the Byzantines’ pragmatic approach to incorporating older symbols into their own architecture, often with new meanings.

The Medusa heads serve as a reminder of the continuity of cultural symbols across time. From a fearsome monster to a protective emblem, Medusa’s image has been reshaped by the civilizations that encountered her myth.

Today, the Medusa heads in the Basilica Cistern continue to fascinate visitors from around the world. Whether repurposed as mere building materials or intentionally placed as protective symbols, their presence in the cistern reflects the complex interplay of myth, history, and architecture in Istanbul. The Medusa heads serve not only as a link to the past but also as a powerful symbol of the city’s layered cultural heritage.

Photo From Basilica Cistern 4

5. Repairs of the Basilica Cistern

5.1. First Recorded Restoration Works in the Cistern

During the Ottoman period, houses and mansions were constructed on top of the Basilica Cistern. One notable structure was the Uskübîye Masjid, built by Satırbaşı Mehmet Ağa during the reign of Mehmed II (1451–1481) (Eyice, 1994: 503). These developments resulted in cracks in the cistern’s structure due to dense settlement.

Two significant restorations were recorded during the Ottoman period. The first restoration was carried out by Kayserili Mehmet Ağa during the reign of Ahmed III in 1723 (Bayraktar, 1994: 116). The second restoration took place during the reign of Abdülhamid II (1876–1909) (Mamboury, 1953: 254–255).

During the 19th century, water shortages in Istanbul worsened, especially in the summer months. The city relied on water from seven reservoirs located in Belgrade and Bahçeköy, but aging water infrastructure caused significant water loss. Over time, cisterns like the Basilica Cistern became filled with sand and soil from the water supply. These cisterns could only provide water for about a month during summer. In 1846, a comprehensive repair effort for the Basilica Cistern began, though partial interventions had occurred earlier.

In 1722, the arches beneath the road leading to Hagia Sophia collapsed, splitting the road in two. This first documented repair was carried out by İvaz Mehmed Ağa, overseer of the coffeehouse revenue department. According to the survey book of architect Ali Ağa and chief architect Kayserili Mehmet Ağa, eight brick-covered pillars with glazed plaster were installed to reinforce the thrones of eight domes, and the collapsed arches were sealed with new vaults.

In 1790, another partial intervention took place. In an 1803 neighborhood plan, the entrance to Yerebatan Street is marked as “the mouth of the four-way on the Mehterhâne side,” indicating a site where the grand vizier’s mehters (musicians) were housed. Architect Ebubekir later conducted a survey after the collapse of arches, columns, and walls beneath the building, confirming that it was part of the Basilica Cistern. The collapsed walls were rebuilt using lime-mixed stone and brick, matching the original construction method. The replacement wall measured 12 x 0.75 x 3.75 meters (16 x 1.3 x 5) and required horasan lime joints for reinforcement.

Between 1985 and 1988, the Istanbul Municipality drained the cistern and removed the mud that had accumulated on its floor. During the cleaning process, two Medusa (Gorgon) heads, used as pedestals, were discovered in the southwest corner (Eyice, 1994: 503). A visitor platform was installed, allowing people to walk around the cistern, and access to the Medusa heads was facilitated through an elevated platform. After these repairs, the Basilica Cistern reopened to visitors as a museum.

In 1994, additional cleaning and reinforcement work on several columns were completed. The exact date of the rough stone wall built in the cistern’s northwest section remains unknown. However, discrepancies in the number of reinforced columns have been noted: the 1977 edition of Müller-Wiener’s “Historical Topography of Istanbul” lists eight reinforced columns, while the 1986 restoration project submitted to the Regional Directorate for the Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets mentions nine. As of today, the number of reinforced columns has increased to 17.

5.3. Use of Columns for Structural Support

In 1805, architect İbrahim Kâmi repaired the collapsed sedge wall in the garden area of the Yerebatan stables. He built a manger, shield wall, and shed to protect maintenance tools used for the carts. İbrahim Kâmi concluded that the walls had collapsed due to their construction with rubble, recommending their replacement with a horasan-grouted embankment wall (6.3 x 1.12 x 7.5 meters). A shield wall was built atop the embankment, and barges were used to drain water and clear mud from the cistern—an essential step for this comprehensive restoration in 1846.

To stabilize the structure under the building, ten double columns with capitals were incorporated, likely sourced from the collapsed section of the cistern. Another survey book from 1765—concerning repairs to the Yerebatan stables—suggests that the collapsed vaults at the cistern entrance were also repaired during this time. Additionally, a renovated water pump near the cistern entrance was noted, which likely drew water from the cistern.

6. The Crying Column of the Basilica Cistern

Crying Column

One of the most intriguing features of Istanbul’s Basilica Cistern is the Crying Column, also known as the Tear Column. This iconic column, made from green marble, is adorned with unique motifs resembling water drops, knots, and tree trunks. Its distinctive design has captivated visitors for centuries and continues to spark curiosity about its origins and symbolism.

6.1. Historical Significance and Origins of the Crying Column

The Crying Column is not an isolated piece. Its decorative motifs closely resemble those found on columns from other significant ancient structures, such as the 4th-century Theodosius Forum (Forum Tauri), the Triumphal Arch, and a column now housed in the garden of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums. These columns, discovered in Beyazıt and other parts of ancient Constantinople, share similar designs with the Tear Column, suggesting a connection to the same artistic or architectural tradition.

During surveys conducted by archaeologist Asgari (1989), two additional fragments of similarly decorated column bodies were uncovered in the marble quarries of Prokonnesos, further linking the Crying Column to a broader architectural context. Another notable column, which stands at 4 meters in height, was discovered in the garden of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums. Brought from Simkeşhane, this piece also shares design features with the Basilica Cistern’s Crying Column, reinforcing the theory of shared origin and style.

6.2. The Symbolism of the Crying Column

The Tear Column has earned its name due to the distinctive water drop-like motifs that seem to “cry” from its surface. While the exact purpose of these decorations remains unclear, some historians speculate that the water drops symbolize the moisture within the cistern, paying homage to its function as an underground reservoir. Others believe the column’s design may represent natural elements, such as tree trunks or flowing water, tying the structure to the life-giving power of water in the Byzantine Empire.

6.3. The Crying Column in Byzantine Art and Architecture

The Basilica Cistern, constructed during the reign of Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century, is a marvel of Byzantine engineering, and the Crying Column is a perfect example of the period’s craftsmanship. The column’s intricate design not only reflects the artistic influences of the time but also highlights the reuse of architectural elements from earlier structures— a practice known as spolia. It is likely that the Crying Column, along with other columns in the cistern, was repurposed from older Roman or Greek monuments, further embedding the column in Istanbul’s rich historical tapestry.

7. First Plan and Section of the Cistern

Due to the darkness inside the cistern and the thick mud layer at the bottom, creating an accurate plan was initially challenging. Even foreign architects and painters who depicted Istanbul’s monumental buildings struggled to produce precise reproductions. For example, Thomas Allom’s engraving was limited to the entrance where light was sufficient. However, waterworks and bathhouse masons explored the cistern freely by boat, without technical constraints. Unlike later hypothetical plans showing evenly spaced columns, the earliest accurate document detailing the cistern is the plan prepared by the watermen and bath-makers.

8. Water Structures of Constantinople

Constantinople, built on rocky terrain and surrounded by the sea on three sides, had political, strategic, and commercial advantages. However, the lack of a river or large water source posed challenges for the city’s water supply (Müller-Wiener, 2007: 271; Crow, 2008: 9). To address this, waterways were constructed to transport water, aqueducts to span valleys, and cisterns to store it (Müller-Wiener, 2007: 271).

8.1. Sources of Water Supply

Constantinople’s water supply came from three main sources:

The Belgrade Forest and Halkalı supplied water to the Golden Horn (Mango, 1995: 10; Crow, 2008: 14). The water from the Halkalı spring was limited, but its high elevation allowed it to supply higher areas via the Valens (Bozdoğan) Aqueduct (Crow, 2008: 14). In contrast, the Belgrade Forest water line served the lower parts of the city (Crow, 2008: 15). It is believed that water was drawn from the Strandja Mountains to supply the acropolis of Byzantium even before Constantinople’s foundation (Crow, 2008: 14). Water from these sources, along with rainwater, was stored in cisterns to meet demand during summer shortages (Prokopios, 1994: 34).

8.2. Baths and Other Public Water Structures

Public buildings, such as baths, were constructed by emperors to serve the people. Additionally, the city featured fountains (nymphaeums) and canals.

The waterways consisted of aqueducts, channels, and canals. Petrus Gyllius described the city’s hilly topography in the 16th century, noting that the hilltops appeared to merge (Crow, 2008: 13). Surrounded by the sea on three sides, Sarayburnu had steep slopes, which made it difficult to collect rainwater. Thus, an elaborate waterway system became necessary for Byzantium (Tezcan, 1990: 187).

According to Byzantine writers such as Malalas and Cedrenus, and sources like the Chronicon Paschale, two ancient waterways served the city (Malalas, 18:17; Chronicon Paschale, 1989: 618–619; Cedrenus, History I: 685; Crow, 2008: 13).

8.3. Hadrian’s Waterway

The first waterway was built by Emperor Hadrian (117–138) before the city’s re-foundation as Constantinople (Müller-Wiener, 2007: 271; Mango, 1995: 10; Çeçen, 1996: 20; Crow, 2008: 13). Primary sources, including the Chronicon Paschale and Johannes Malalas, mention Hadrian’s aqueducts (Chronicon Paschale: 618–619; Malalas, 1986: 436). In 123 AD, Hadrian built an aqueduct in Nicaea, leading scholars to suggest that he may have built seven aqueducts in Byzantium during his travels through Bithynia and Thrace (Crow, 2008: 13).

From the 6th century onward, water from the Basilica Cistern supplied several key areas, including the Great Palace, Zeuxippos, and Achilles Baths (Crow, 2008: 13; Mango, 1995: 10). Part of Hadrian’s Aqueduct ran between Hills I and II (Crow, 2008: 10). This aqueduct was later assigned by Theodosius II (408–450) to supply water to the imperial palace and was repaired in 528 by Emperor Justinian. It continued to function during the Middle Ages (Müller-Wiener, 2007: 271).

8.4. Valentinian’s Aqueduct

Aqueduct of Valens

The second aqueduct was built by Emperor Valentinian (364–378) in the 3rd quarter of the 4th century, following Constantinople’s rise as the capital of the empire (Müller-Wiener, 2007: 273; Mango, 1995: 13; Crow, 2008: 13). According to Cedrenus, construction began in 368, and by 373, the aqueduct supplied water to the Nymphaeum Maximum in the Forum of Theodosius (Müller-Wiener, 2007: 271, 273).

The Valens (Bozdoğan) Aqueduct was part of a water system originating from the Belgrade Forests northwest of the city. The aqueduct, which spans between the Apostolic Church and the Capitol, measures 971 meters in length, with a maximum height of 29 meters and an average elevation of 63.5 meters above sea level. Its slope was designed at 1/1,000 (Forchheimer & Strzygowski, 1893: 18–20; Müller-Wiener, 2007: 273).

During Emperor Justinian I’s reign (527–565), parts of the aqueduct were not repaired, leading to water shortages (Prokopios, 2008: 112). According to Theophanes, an earthquake damaged the aqueduct during Emperor Justinian II’s reign (565–578), and it was repaired in 576. After the Avar siege, Constantine V (741–775) repaired the aqueduct, and it was repaired again by Basileos II (976–1025) in 1019 (Müller-Wiener, 2007: 273; Theophanes, 1997: 440).

8.5. Cisterns

The water collected by rain or brought into the city through aqueducts was stored in both open and closed cisterns. While open cisterns were less sanitary, they provided an affordable, simple way to store water and supplemented closed cisterns (Kuban, 2004:94).

Both open and closed cisterns were integrated into the waterway systems by the 5th century (Müller-Wiener, 2007:271). The Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae mentions the construction of five cisterns, both open and closed, between 406 and 459, approximately 30 years after the completion of the waterway by Emperor Valentinian in 373. Crow suggests this reflects both a population increase and heightened attacks on the city, implying that these cisterns were supplied with water from Valentinian’s aqueduct and another water system originating from Vize (Crow, 2008:15).

The first documented cistern of Constantinople, mentioned in the Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae and Consularia Constantinopolitana, was built by the city prefect Modestus between 363-369. Known as the Modestus Cistern, no remains have been found. It was likely located in District XI, near the Church of the Apostles (now the Fatih Mosque), and is believed to have been an open cistern (Mango, 1995:15; Crow, 2008:10; Forchheimer & Strzygowski, 1893:52,140).

During the reign of Emperor Theodosius II, the city walls were expanded, creating additional space for cisterns on two more hills (Mango, 1995:16). According to Preger, the Aetios Cistern—currently the Karagümrük Stadium—was initially built during Emperor Valentinian’s reign (364–378), but historian Marcellinus Comes dates its construction to 421, a view many scholars accept (Müller-Wiener, 2007:278). The cistern’s name is disputed; some scholars speculate that it may correspond to the Pulcheria Cistern mentioned in the Chronicon Paschale or the Mokios Cistern, named after the nearby Ayios Mokios Church, which Emperor Anastasios I (491–518) likely built (Eyice, 1994(e):482, 483). Located 300 meters from the Kharsios Gate (modern Edirnekapı), the cistern is situated along the route between the Church of the Apostles and the Great Gate. It measures 344 x 85 meters, with a capacity between 0.25–0.3 million m³ (Müller-Wiener, 2007:278).

The Aspar Cistern, now known as Sultan Selim Çukurbostanı, is mentioned in both the Chronicon Paschale (1989:593) and Marcellinus Comes’ writings. Built in 459 by Patrikios Aspar and his sons near the Constantinian wall, this open cistern—now a residential area—has a square plan with 10–11 m high walls, covering 23,100 m² and holding an average of 0.23–0.25 million m³ of water (Müller-Wiener, 2007:279). Both the Aetios and Aspar cisterns are located between the Constantinian and Theodosian walls (Crow, 2008:15). Combined, the Aetios, Aspar, and Mokios cisterns are estimated to have a capacity of 1 million m³ (Mango, 1995:16).

Another open cistern, the Fildamı Cistern, lies in the Hebdomon Quarter (modern Bakırköy), approximately 1,500 meters north of the coast and west of the present-day Çırpıcı Stream. It measures 127 x 76 meters (Eyice, 1994(c):318; Forchheimer & Strzygowski, 1893:51). Its name derives from the Ottoman period when elephants were housed there (Eyice, 1994(c):318). A tower with a spiral staircase is located at one corner of the cistern, leading into its interior, where six piers on the north and south sides support four arches (Eyice, 1994(c):318). Mango (1995:15) notes that the Fildamı Cistern served the imperial palace and military headquarters in Hebdomon from the 4th century onward, suggesting it was built to support these facilities.

Wooden planks were used to provide lateral stability between support rows (Crow, 2008:137). The structures were typically covered with cross or dome vaults, featuring ventilation holes in lower sections and windows in above-ground areas for air circulation (Tezcan, 1990:193; Crow, 2008:137). A waterproof pink plaster, known as keramoton, was applied up to the start of the vaults. According to Tezcan’s reference to P. D. Kuppas, this plaster was made by “burning tile and brick fragments, grinding them into coarse sand, and mixing in lime, clay, and fibers.” The material composition was approximately 19% coarse sand, 38% tile dust, 38% lime, and 5% hair or flax (Tezcan, 1990:193).

The unworked or semi-worked column elements used in these cisterns were produced from Prokonnesos marble quarries between the 4th and 6th centuries (Crow, 2008:138). Most small cisterns, containing two to four rows of columns, date to the 5th and 6th centuries (Mango, 1995:16-17). As the city’s population declined during the Middle Ages, larger cisterns fell out of use, and smaller cisterns were built beneath structures from the Komnenos and Palaiologos periods to meet the water needs of these buildings (Müller-Wiener, 2007:272).

The Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae (1962:233) records the Arcadiaca Cistern in District XI, now lost, and the Theodosiana Cistern in District V, built before 425 (Mango, 1995:16; Crow, 2008:15). Marcellinus Comes also notes the construction of a large cistern beneath the Forum of Constantine in 407, though no trace of it remains today (Mango, 1995:16).

The total number of covered cisterns in Constantinople is unknown. However, several surviving cisterns provide insights into the structural elements of the Basilica Cistern.

The Binbirdirek Cistern, situated south of the Mese street, between the Lausian Palace and the Forum of Constantine (now Sultanahmet), measures 64 x 56.4 meters. This closed cistern, containing 224 columns, has a capacity of 40,000 m³ (Müller-Wiener, 2007:280). The columns have truncated pyramid-shaped capitals and semi-worked bases in Attic style. Due to the cistern’s height, two monolithic column shafts are stacked with stone braces in between. Some scholars, citing Preger, believe that the cistern was built by the Roman Philoxenos during the reign of Emperor Constantine I, with brick stamps dating to the mid-5th and 6th centuries (Müller-Wiener, 2007:280). It is also known as the Philoxenos Cistern (Kuban, 2004:95).

The Zeyrek Cistern (Pantokrator Cistern), located near Atatürk Boulevard, is believed to belong to the Zeyrek Mosque (formerly Pantokrator Monastery), built during the reign of Ioannes II Komnenos (1118–1143) (Eyice, 1994(f):218). Positioned on a slope northwest of the monastery, the cistern’s north facade features niches facing the boulevard (Müller-Wiener, 2007:214). The western side of the slope was leveled to create a terrace for monastery buildings that have not survived (Eyice, 1994(f):218). Historically, this cistern was referred to as the Unkapanı Street Cistern (Forchheimer & Strzygowski, 1893:71).

9. Justinian I: The Architect of the Byzantine Empire

9.1. The Rise of Justinian

Born in 482 AD in what is now Macedonia, Justinian grew up in a modest provincial family. His uncle, Justin I, became the Eastern Roman emperor in 518 AD and brought his nephew to the capital, Constantinople, where he advanced through the ranks of the imperial court. Justinian’s sharp intellect and political acumen were quickly recognized, and in 527 AD, he succeeded his uncle as emperor.

9.2. Justinian’s Legal Reforms: The Codification of Roman Law

One of Justinian’s most lasting achievements was his comprehensive reform of Roman law. Under his direction, a group of legal scholars, headed by the jurist Tribonian, compiled and codified centuries of Roman legal thought into what became known as the Corpus Juris Civilis, or the “Body of Civil Law.” This codification systematized Roman law, providing clarity and consistency and would later serve as the foundation of legal systems in much of Europe.

The Corpus Juris Civilis consisted of four parts:

1. The Codex Justinianus, a compilation of imperial decrees.
2. The Digest, a summary of legal writings from earlier Roman jurists.
3. The Institutes, a textbook for law students.
4. The Novellae, or new laws enacted during Justinian’s reign.

These reforms ensured that Roman legal traditions would persist long after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, influencing modern civil law systems across Europe and Latin America.

9.3. Military Campaigns: The Dream of a Restored Roman Empire

Justinian’s reign was marked by an aggressive campaign to reconquer the territories of the former Western Roman Empire, which had fallen into the hands of various Germanic tribes. His most famous general, Belisarius, led successful campaigns in North Africa against the Vandals, in Italy against the Ostrogoths, and in Spain against the Visigoths.

These victories temporarily restored the Western Roman Empire’s territories to Byzantine control, though maintaining these far-flung regions proved difficult. Despite the initial success of Justinian’s military ventures, many of the conquered territories were eventually lost again due to later invasions and internal difficulties.

9.4. The Nika Riots: Crisis and Resolution

Early in Justinian’s reign, in 532 AD, Constantinople was nearly destroyed by the Nika Riots, one of the most violent urban revolts in the history of the Byzantine Empire. The riots, sparked by factions of chariot-racing supporters known as the Blues and the Greens, escalated into a full-scale rebellion against Justinian’s regime. For days, the city descended into chaos, with much of it being set ablaze.

At the height of the crisis, Justinian contemplated fleeing the city, but his wife, the formidable Empress Theodora, persuaded him to stay and fight. In a dramatic turnaround, Belisarius and other loyal troops crushed the revolt, massacring thousands of rioters in the Hippodrome. In the aftermath, Justinian used the opportunity to rebuild and solidify his power.

9.5. Architectural Ambition: Hagia Sophia and the Transformation of Constantinople

With its massive dome, intricate mosaics, and opulent decoration, the Hagia Sophia stood as the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years. It embodied Justinian’s desire to blend Roman and Christian traditions, and it remains one of the most iconic structures in both Christian and Islamic history.

In addition to the Hagia Sophia, Justinian undertook numerous other construction projects across the empire, building fortifications, bridges, and churches, which helped secure Byzantine borders and solidify imperial influence.

9.6. Theological Controversies and Religious Policies

Justinian’s reign was also marked by intense religious activity. As a devout Christian, he sought to strengthen orthodoxy and enforce religious unity in his empire. He was heavily involved in the debates surrounding the nature of Christ, supporting the position of the Council of Chalcedon (451 AD), which defined Christ as having two natures, divine and human.

However, Justinian’s attempts to impose Chalcedonian Christianity on all parts of the empire led to tensions with various Christian sects, particularly in the eastern provinces where Monophysitism was popular. His religious policies were complex and at times inconsistent, as he tried to balance the interests of diverse Christian communities.

9.7. The Plague of Justinian: A Turning Point

In 541 AD, the empire was struck by a devastating pandemic known as the Plague of Justinian, which historians believe was an early outbreak of bubonic plague. The plague ravaged Constantinople and much of the empire, killing millions and severely weakening the Byzantine economy and military. Justinian himself contracted the disease but miraculously recovered.

The long-term effects of the plague were profound. The empire’s resources were drained, and the workforce was decimated, leaving the Byzantine state vulnerable to external threats. The ambitious military campaigns launched earlier in Justinian’s reign became unsustainable, and the empire began to contract again.

9.8. Justinian’s Legacy

Justinian I’s reign left an indelible mark on history. His legal reforms, architectural achievements, and military conquests shaped the course of the Byzantine Empire and ensured that his legacy would endure long after his death in 565 AD. Though the full restoration of the Roman Empire eluded him, Justinian’s vision of a unified empire under Roman law and Christian faith laid the groundwork for medieval Europe.

Today, Justinian is remembered as a tireless reformer, a visionary emperor, and a ruler whose influence transcended the borders of his empire, leaving a legacy that resonates in legal and architectural achievements even in modern times.

The Basilica Cistern is one of Istanbul’s most visited historical sites, attracting millions of tourists each year. Following restoration efforts, the cistern is now illuminated to highlight its stunning columns, arches, and the eerie stillness of the water that reflects the grandeur above. Visitors walk along raised platforms through the dimly lit cavernous space, marveling at both the engineering prowess of the Byzantines and the mysterious beauty of this underground world.

In the 21st century, the Basilica Cistern continues to captivate with its blend of history, architecture, and mythology. Its enduring presence beneath the streets of modern Istanbul serves as a reminder of the Byzantine Empire’s ingenuity and its efforts to safeguard the legacy of Constantinople.

10. Tours, Tickets, Reviews and More

Skip the Lines, Get Official Tickets, and Enjoy a Professional, Expert-Led Journey

Tours: Expert-Led Exploration Like No Other

This isn’t just a tour; it’s a carefully curated, expert-led journey that unveils the stories, history, and architectural wonders of the Basilica Cistern. Professional guides with deep expertise take you beyond surface-level facts, enriching your visit with insights about the Medusa heads, the engineering marvel behind the structure, and fascinating legends surrounding the cistern.

Tickets: Skip the Line with Official Access

Don’t waste time standing in line! With this tour, you receive official Basilica Cistern tickets that allow priority access, bypassing the long queues. These official tickets ensure you have a seamless entry experience, giving you more time to immerse yourself in the underground beauty of this historic site.

More: The Ultimate Hassle-Free Experience

From start to finish, this tour is designed to optimize your time and maximize your enjoyment. With a professional introduction and smooth organization, every detail is managed so you can fully appreciate the ambiance, reflections, and stunning architecture. Whether it’s your first visit or you’re returning to explore deeper, this advanced tour ensures a truly memorable and hassle-free experience.

Here’s one of basilicacistern.store Review from many others:

I was fortunate enough to book back-to-back tours with Oglucan, visiting both Hagia Sophia and the Basilica Cistern. Both experiences were exceptional, thanks to Oglucan’s expert guidance and enthusiasm. The Basilica Cistern was a truly mesmerizing sight. I was captivated by the underground chamber and the towering columns. Oglucan’s knowledge and storytelling made the tour even more enriching. He provided fascinating details about the cistern’s history and significance. I highly recommend booking tours with Oglucan if you’re visiting Istanbul. His expertise and passion for the city’s history make for an unforgettable experience.

Natasha – USA

How to Get The Tickets

Book now to skip the lines, enjoy official access, and discover the secrets of the Basilica Cistern through the eyes of experts. Make the most of your Istanbul trip with a tour that’s as smooth, enriching, and professional as the destination itself!

11. Conclusion

In examining the intricate history and architectural significance of the Basilica Cistern, we uncover more than just an underground reservoir; it is a living testament to Constantinople’s evolving legacy. The Crying Column and the enigmatic Medusa heads serve as powerful symbols of cultural continuity and transformation, blending ancient Greek, Roman, and Byzantine influences. These architectural features, repurposed from earlier eras, reveal a pragmatic yet symbolic approach to construction that reflects the city’s layered identity.

By analyzing the interplay between myth, art, and architecture, we gain deeper insights into how these elements were not only functional but also reflective of the sociopolitical and spiritual shifts of the time. Whether through the adoption of protective symbols like Medusa or the evocative design of the Tear Column, Byzantine architects demonstrated a profound ability to recontextualize earlier traditions within their own theological and cultural frameworks.

As we continue to study these relics, it is essential to recognize the Basilica Cistern not merely as an architectural marvel, but as a narrative—one that captures the intersection of empire, myth, and spirituality. For visitors and scholars alike, it stands as a place where history is not only preserved but also reimagined, inviting new interpretations with each generation.

Oğulcan ÖZDİL
atourguideinconstantinople

---

12. Sources

1- Aldo Rossi, The Architecture of the City, edited by Peter Eisenman, translated by Diane Ghirardo and Johan Oackman. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984.
2- Bardill, Jonathan. Brickstamps of Constantinople, Volume 1: Text. Oxford University Press, 2004.
3- Beyatlı, Ahmet, ed. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in 877/1472 Tarihli Vakfiyyesi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2013.
4- BOA, BEO. 4676/350640 vrk. no. 1 (27 Cemaziyelevvel 1339 [7 Mart 1921]).
5- BOA, İ.MMS. 7/124 vrk. no. 4 (1846).
6- Byzantios, Scarlatos D. Constantinople: A Topographical, Archaeological, and Historical Description, vol. I, translated by Haris Theodorelis-Rigas. İstanbul: İstos, 2019.
7- Cameron, Averil. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity: AD 395-700. Routledge, 2011.
8- Carpenter, Thomas H. Art and Myth in Ancient Greece: A Handbook. Thames & Hudson, 1991.
9- Çeçen, Kazım, and Celal Kolay. Topkapı Sarayı’na Su Sağlayan İsale Hatları. İstanbul: İSKİ, 1997.
10- Charles Pertusier. Picturesque Promenades in and near Constantinople, and on the Waters of the Bosphorus. London: Sir Richard Phillips and Co. Bridge-Court, 1820.
11- Cormack, Robin, and Elizabeth Jeffreys, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press, 2008.
12- Crow, Jim, Jonathan Bardill, and Richard Bayliss. The Water Supply of Byzantine Constantinople. London: Journal of Roman Studies Monography, 2008.
13- Dark, Ken, and Ferudun Özgümüş. Constantinople: Archaeology of a Byzantine Megacity. Oxbow Books, 2013.
14- Evans, James Allan. The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire. Greenwood Press, 2005.
15- Freely, John. Istanbul: The Imperial City. Penguin Books, 1998.
16- Gorgon, Elizabeth. Medusa: The Evolution of a Mythological Figure. Princeton University Press, 2011.
18- Guillet, Marc. “Dan Brown Draws Visitors Basilica Cistern.” Enjoy Istanbul, May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
19- Gyllius, Petrus. De Topographia Constantinopoleos et de illius Antiquitatibus Libri Quattuor. Frankfurt: Impensis Andreae Wecheli, 1561.
20- Hard, Robin. The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose’s “Handbook of Greek Mythology”. Routledge, 2004.
21- Herrin, Judith. Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire. Princeton University Press, 2008.
İnalcık, Halil. The Survey of Istanbul 1455. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2012.
22- Lonely Planet. “Basilica Cistern.” Lonely Planet.
23- Maas, Michael, ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
24- Mango, Cyril. Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome. Phoenix Press, 2002.
25- Moorhead, John. Justinian. Routledge, 1994.
26- Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang. Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts. Wasmuth, 1977.
27- Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang. İstanbul’un Tarihsel Topografyası, translated by Ülker Sayın. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2016.
28- Norwich, John Julius. Byzantium: The Early Centuries. Viking, 1988.
29- Pertusier, Charles. Picturesque Promenades in and near Constantinople, and on the Waters of the Bosphorus. London: Sir Richard Phillips and Co. Bridge-Court, 1820.
30- Planet, Lonely. “Basilica Cistern.” Lonely Planet.
31- Procopius. The Buildings of Justinian, translated by H.B. Dewing. Loeb Classical Library, 1940.
32- Prokopios. Yapılar, translated by Erendiz Özbayoğlu. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 1994.
33- Sabah, Daily. “Istanbul’s Basilica Cistern Reopens After Restoration.” Daily Sabah, July 24, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
34- Şenhaz Önlü. “Yerebatan Sarnıcı’nın Taşıyıcı Elemanlarının Analizi.” Master’s thesis, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 2010.
35- Totilo, Stephen. “See The Real Places You’ll Go in the Next Assassin’s Creed.” Kotaku. Gizmodo Media Group, September 14, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
36- “Yerebatan Sarnıcı.” Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
37- Zararia, Priti. “Basilica Cistern.” The Times of India.

13. Links

atourguideinconstantinople

hagiasophia.store

topkapipalace.store

Article 1

Aricle 2

Euronews

Kültür: Istanbul Yerebatan Sarnıcı

Khan Academy

Britannica: Basilica Cistern

Wikipedia: Basilica Cistern

Ktb

Ibb

National Geographic

Bbc/Travel: Basilica Cistern

Cnn: Basilica Cistern

Cntravel: Basilica Cistern

The Culture Trip: Basilica Cistern

Tripadvisor

Viator

Lonely Planet

Istanbul Clues

World History

ArchDaily

Unesco

Istanbul Insider

Getty Images

Flickr.com

Unsplash

Shutterstock.com

Pexels.com

Youtube

360 Cities

Airpano

Archnet.org

Wmf.org

Google Maps

Pinterest

14. Most Known Movies, Documentaries & TV Programs

From Russia with Love

Inferno

The International

BBC: Istanbul’s ancient subterranean Basilica Cistern

Ancient Invisible Cities: Istanbul

Basilica Cistern Istanbul Turkey 2023 Virtual Tour, Yerebatan Sarnıcı 4K

Kültür Istanbul: Basilica Cistern